nuclear export

Leptomycin B (LMB) is a potent inhibitor of the nuclear export of proteins and is a potent antifungal antibiotic blocking the eukaryotic cell cycle. Leptomycin B inactivates CRM1 exportin 1 by covalent modification at a cysteine residue.

GNF4877 is a potent inhibitor of DYRK1A and GSK3β (IC50s: 6 nM and 16 nM, respectively), resulting in the blockade of nuclear export of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc) and increased β-cell proliferation.

(E)-KPT330 is a CRM1-selective inhibitor of nuclear export. It inhibits protein trafficking from the nucleus and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in mesothelioma cells.

Eltanexor (ONO-7706) is an orally active exportin-1 (XPO1) inhibitor. It has effective anti-leukemic activity. Eltanexor inhibits XPO1-dependent nuclear export (EC50=60.9 nM) by directly targeting XPO1. Eltanexor causes caspase-dependent apoptosis in a panel of leukemic cell lines.

Leptomycin A, a metabolite derived from Streptomyces, acts as an inhibitor of CRM1 (exportin 1) and effectively suppresses HIV-1 replication. Compared to Leptomycin B, it exhibits lesser potency. Leptomycin A hampers the interaction between CRM1 and nuclear export signals, effectively hindering the nuclear export of a wide array of proteins.

CBS9106 (SL-801) is a reversible oral CRM1 inhibitor with CRM1 degrading and antitumor activity.CBS9106 inhibits CRM1-dependent nuclear export and reduces CRM1 protein levels.CBS9106 inhibits tumor growth and prolongs the survival of mice bearing tumor xenografts.CBS9106 is an inhibitor of CRM1-dependent nuclear export and reduces CRM1 protein levels.

Leptomycin B (GMP) refers to the GMP grade reagents of Leptomycin B. Leptomycin B (LMB) is a potent inhibitor of the nuclear export of proteins and is a potent antifungal antibiotic blocking the eukaryotic cell cycle. Leptomycin B inactivates CRM1 exportin 1 by covalent modification at a cysteine residue.

PKF050-638 inhibits the CRM1-mediated Rev nuclear export by disrupting CRM1-NES interaction. PKF050-638 is an effective and selective inhibitor of HIV-1 Rev (IC50=0.04 μM).

KPT-251 is a selective nuclear export inhibitor.

Psammaplysene A is a FOXO1a nuclear export inhibitor.

Psammaplysene B is a FOXO1a nuclear export inhibitor.

Bile acids are essential for solubilization and transport of dietary lipids, are the major products of cholesterol catabolism, and are physiological ligands for farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor that regulates genes involved in lipid metabolism.1They are also inherently cytotoxic, as physiological imbalance contributes to increased oxidative stress.2,3Bile acid-controlled signaling pathways are promising novel targets to treat such metabolic diseases as obesity, type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis.Guggulsterone, derived from resin of the guggul tree, is a competitive antagonist of FXR bothin vitroandin vivo.4Thecisstereoisomer of guggulsterone, (E)-guggulsterone, decreases chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)-induced FXR activation with an IC50value of 15 μM.5,6By inhibiting CDCA-induced transactivation of FXR, guggulsterone lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rodents fed a high cholesterol diet.4 1.Makishima, M., Okamoto, A.Y., Repa, J.J., et al.Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acidsScience2841362-1365(1999) 2.Barbier, O., Torra, I.P., Sirvent, A., et al.FXR induces the UGT2B4 enzyme in hepatocytes: A potential mechanism of negative feedback control of FXR activityGastroenterology1241926-1940(2003) 3.Tan, K.P., Yang, M., and Ito, S.Activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-2 like) factor 2 by toxic bile acids provokes adaptive defense responses to enhance cell survival at the emergence of oxidative stressMol. Pharmacol.72(5)1380-1390(2007) 4.Urizar, N.L., Liverman, A.B., Dodds, D.T., et al.A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an anatagonist ligand for FXRScience296(5573)1703-1706(2002) 5.Cui, J., Huang, L., Zhao, A., et al.Guggulsterone is a farnesoid X receptor antagonist in coactivator association assays but acts to enhance transcription of bile salt export pumpThe Journal of Biological Chemisty278(12)10214-10220(2003) 6.Wu, J., Xia, C., Meier, J., et al.The hypolipidemic natural product guggulsterone acts as an antagonist of the bile acid receptorMolecular Endocrinology16(7)1590-1597(2002)

KPT276 (KPT 276) is an orally bioavailable selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) that irreversibly bind to CRM1 and block the function of CRM1.

TTC-352 is an orally bioavailable selective human estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha; ESR1; ERa) partial agonist (ShERPA), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, TTC-352 mimics the naturally-occurring 17beta-estradiol (E2) and targets and binds to ERa located in the nucleus. This causes translocation of ERa to extranuclear sites. Nuclear export of ERa prevents normal ER-mediated signaling and inhibits proliferation of ER-positive tumor cells.

CRM1-IN-1 (Compound KL1), a noncovalent inhibitor of CRM1, promotes nuclear degradation of CRM1 with an IC50 of 0.27 μM, inhibits CRM1-mediated nuclear export, suppresses cell proliferation, and induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells [1].

CRM1-IN-2 (Compound KL2) is a noncovalent inhibitor of CRM1, localizing it to the nuclear periphery, reducing its nuclear presence, and inhibiting its nuclear export function. It effectively inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer cells and induces apoptosis [1].

Anti-Influenza agent 5 (Compound IIB-2), a chalcone-like derivative, serves as an influenza nuclear export inhibitor, effectively inhibiting oseltamivir-resistant strains and hindering viral proliferation by obstructing the export of influenza virus nucleoprotein [1].